Pneumatic

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Pneumatics is the use of pressurized air to effect mechanical motion. Pneumatics is employed in a variety of settings. In dentistry applications, pneumatic drills are lighter, faster, and simpler than an electric drill of the same power rating (because the prime mover, the compressor, is separate from the drill and pumped air is capable of rotating the drill bit at extremely high rpm). Pneumatic transfer systems are employed in many industries to move powders and devices. Pneumatic tubes can carry objects over distances. Pneumatic devices are also used where electric motors cannot be used for safety reasons, such as deep in a mine where explosive dust or gas may be present.

Examples of pneumatic tools:

Pneumatic drill (jackhammer) used by road workers
Nailgun
Switch
Pneumatic actuators
Gas compressor
Vacuum pumps
Barostat systems used in Neurogastroenterology and for researching

electricity

Cable Jetting - a way to install cables in ducts
Pneumatic_tube#Pneumatic_Post
Air brakes on buses, trains, and trucks

Comparison to Hydraulics Both pneumatics and hydraulics are applications of fluid power. Pneumatics uses air, which is compressible, while hydraulics uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil or water. Most industrial pneumatic applications use pressures of about 80 to 100 pounds per square inch (psi) (500 to 700 kilopascals). Hydraulics applications commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (7 to 35 MPa), but specialized applications may exceed 10,000 psi (70 MPa).

Advantages of pneumatics

The working fluid is very light in weight so supply hoses are not heavy.

Because the working fluid is (mostly) just air, there is usually no need for a return line for the working fluid and leaks of the working fluid tend not to be messy.

Because air is compressable, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. The air in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force.

Advantages of hydraulics

Higher energy density owing to the much higher working pressures usually employed.

The hydraulic working fluid is basically incompressible, leading to a minimum of Spring (device) action. When hydraulic fluid flow is stopped, the slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no need to "bleed off" pressurised air to release the pressure on the load.

Pneumatic Components Common industrial pneumatic components include:

pneumatic direct operated solenoid valve
pneumatic pilot operated solenoid valve
pneumatic external piloted solenoid valve
pneumatic manual valve
pneumatic valve with air pilot actuator
pneumatic filter
pneumatic pressure regulator
pneumatic lubricator
pneumatic pressure switch
pneumatic manual OSHA-type lock out and dump valve
pneumatic solenoid dump valve
pneumatic pressure vessel
pneumatic rodless cylinder
pneumatic gripper
pneumatic rotary actuator
pipe fitting
pneumatic flow control
pneumatic quick exhaust valve
pneumatic pressure booster
pneumatic polyurethane Tubing (material)
pneumatic quick disconnect
sorteberg relay
PID controller
Control valves

Pneumatic Logic See Main article Fluidics Pneumatic logic systems are often used to control industrial processes, consisting of primary logic units such as:

Logical conjunction Units
Logical disjunction Units
'Relay or Booster' Units
Latching Units
'Timer' Units

Pneumatic logic is a reliable and functional control method for industrial processes. In recent years, these systems have largely been replaced by electrical control systems, due to the smaller size and lower cost of electrical components. Pneumatic devices are still used in processes where compressed air is the only energy source available or upgrade cost, safety, and other considerations outweigh the advantage of modern digital control.

External links

www.pneumatics.be - didactic website - for students - how pneumatics works
U.S. Department of Energy - Improving Compressed Air System Performance
Fluid Power Educational Foundation - Advancing and Supporting Hydraulic & Pneumatic Education
Pneumatics Glossary - Glossary of Pneumatic Terms
E-Tech - The online application to select, size, and build pneumatic automation products